Background
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mammal comprises a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by multiple copies of leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domain and IL-1 receptor motif in the cytoplasmic domain. Like its counterparts in Drosophila, TLRs signal through adaptor molecules (1). The TLR family is a phylogenetically conserved mediator of innate immunity that is essential for microbial recognition (2). Ten human homologs of TLRs (TLR1-10) have been described (3). TLR8 gene contains three exons, two of which have coding function (4). TLR8 cDNA codes for a protein of approximate molecular weight of 120 kDa (4,5).

Antigen
This antibody was developed against a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide of human TLR8, within amino acids 750-850. It will cross-react with mouse TLR8.

Application Notes
This antibody tests positive by western blot in transfected cell lysate and human Ramos cell lysate.

Genebank Info (Protein)
NP_619542

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Reference
1. Muzio M, Natoli G, Saccani S, Levrero M, and Mantovani A. J. Exp. Med. 187: 2097-2101 (1998).
2. Medzhitov R and Janeway CA. Cell 91: 295-298 (1997).
3. Chuang TH and Ulevitch RJ. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518 (1-2): 157-161 (2001).
4. Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B. Eur Cytokine Netw 11(3): 362-71 (2000).
5. Chuang TH and Ulevitch RJ. Eur Cytokine Netw 11(3): 372-378 (2000).

Product Citations
1. Evidence of Toll-like receptor molecules on human platelets. Cognasse F., H. Hamzeh, P.Chavarin, S. Acquart, C. Genin and O. Garraud. Immunology and Cell Biology. Volume 83 Issue 2 Page 196 - April 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01314.x. The following TLR antibodies were cited in this publication: TLR2-PE (IMG-416D), TLR4-PE (IMG-417D), TLR6 (IMG-304A), TLR8-PE (IMG-321D), TLR9-PE (IMG-305D). Applications: Intracellular Flow Cytomety and Cell Surface Flow Cytometry: Figs 1 and 2. A comparison of staining results, intracellular versus cell surface flow cytometry is shown. Cell type: Human platelets
2. TLR7/8-Mediated Activation of Human NK Cells Results in Accessory Cell-Dependent IFN-g Production. Orla M. Hart, Veronica Athie-Morales, Geraldine M. O’Connor, and Clair M. Gardiner. J. Immunol., 175: 1636-1642 (2005).  IMGENEX TLR antibodies cited: 1. TLR7 [(IMG-581A) WB, Fig. 1: TLR7 transfected cells and NKL human leukemia cell line. The specificity of the TLR7 antibody has been validated by WB using overexpressed TLR7 in 293T cells in Fig. 1.].  2. TLR8 [(IMG-321A) WB, Fig. 1: TLR8 transfected cells, NKL human leukemia cell line, and NK92 human lymphoma cell line. The specificity of the TLR8 antibody has been validated by WB using overexpressed TLR8 in 293T cells in Fig. 1]. 
3. Human squamous cell carcinomas evade the immune response by down-regulation of vascular E-selectin and recruitment of regulatory T cells. Clark R, Huang S, Murphy G, Mollet I, Hijnen, D, Muthukuru M, Schnabacher C, E Vonetta, Miller D, Kim J, Lambert J, Kupper T.  JEM doi: 10.1084/jem.20071190 (2008). Imgenex antibodies cited:
1. TLR8 (IMG-321A): IF/ICC (human squamous cell carcinoma tumor cells), Fig. 3A.
2. TLR7 (IMG-581A): IF/ICC (human squamous cell carcimona tumor cells), Fig. 3A.
4. Unique efficacy of Toll-like receptor 8 agonists in activating human neonatal antigen-presenting cells. Ofer Levy, Eugenie E Suter, Richard L Miller, and Michael R Wessels. Blood, Apr 2006; 10.1182/blood-2005-12-4821. [TLR8-PE, (IMG-321D): Flow cytometry, Figure 5]
5. Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Activation of Eosinophils.  Wong CK, PFY Cheung, WK IP and CWK Lam. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.doi:10.1165/rcmb.2006-0457OC (2007), in press.   Imgenex antibodies cited (human blood eosinophils and neutrophils from buffy coat): For WB, Fig. 1A: TLR1 (IMG-5012),  TLR5 (IMG-664), TLR6 (IMG-304A), TLR7 (IMG-540), TLR8 (IMG-321A), TLR9 (IMG-305A). For Flow (Intracellular) and Flow (Surface), Fig. 1B: TLR1 (IMG-5021), TLR2 (IMG-416C), TLR3 (IMG-315C), TLR4 (IMG-417C), TLR5 (IMG-663C), TLR6 (IMG-304C), TLR7 (IMG-665A), TLR8 (IMG-321C), TLR9 (IMG-305C).
6. Activation of anti-hepatitis C virus responses via Toll-like receptor 7. Lee J, CCN Wu, KJ Lee T-H Chuang, K Katakura, Y-T Liu, M Chan, R Tawatao, M Chung, C Shen, HB Cottam, MMC Lai, E Raz and DA Carson. PNAS 103:1828-1833 (2006). Imgenex antibodies cited in this study:  Flow (Intracellular) and Flow (Cell Surface) in human Huh-7 hepatoma cells, Fig. 1A [TLR7 (IMG-665A], [TLR8 (IMG-321C)], and [TLR9 (IMG-305D)];  IHC (paraffin) on Huh-7 cells, normal fibroblasts, HCV-infected liver, and liver carcinoma, Fig 1C-E (TLR7, IMG-665A).  The specificity of the TLR7 antibody (IMG-665A) was validated using TLR7 293 transfected cells in Flow (Intracellular) (Supplemental Data, Fig. 5).  
7. CD molecules 2006 - Human cell differentiation molecules. Zola H, B Swart, A Banham, S Barry, A Beare, A Bensussan, L Boumsell, CD Buckley, H-J Buhring, G Clark, P Engel, D Fox, B0Q Jin, PJ Macardle, F Malavasi, D Mason, H Stockinger, and X Yang. J Immunological Methods 319:1-5 (2007). Imgenex antibodies cited: TLR8 [IMG-321(A-D)] and TLR10 (IMG-386A). Antibody clones 44C143 (TLR8, IMG-321) and 158C114 (TLR10, IMG-386A) confirmed by the HCDM (Human Cell Differentiation Molecules, previously known as HLDA) 2006 Workshop as TLR8/CD288 and TLR10/CD290, respectively. Also see:  http://www.hldaworkshops.org/MoleculeInformation/tabid/54/Default.aspx. 
8.