The classical pathway for activation of NF-kB, a key transcriptional regulator of the immune system, is controlled by the IKK complex.  Activated IKK phosphorylates IkB which is ubiquitinated and rapidly degraded, allowing NF-kB to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it activates gene transcription. However, the mechanisms regarding IKK activation have been elusive. Now CARMA1, Bcl-10, and MALT1 are helping to fill in the blanks of IKK activation. These proteins are downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) and upstream of the IKK complex (Fig. 1). Antigen-TCR signaling in the adaptive immune system leads to PKC-q activation and formation of an oligomerization-ubiquitination (Ub)-phosphorylation (P) pathway leading to activated IKK. Oligomerization-Ub-P pathways have also been found to mediate NF-kB activation through TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling, suggesting these emerging IKK activation pathways may play key roles in regulating both adaptive and innate immunity. IMGENEX offers a complete line of antibodies, inhibitors, ELISA assays, and RNAi kits to complement your NF-kB & TLR signaling studies.  Visit our website to learn how we can help you accelerate your research. NF-kB and TLR Related Products NF-kB related Antibodies TLR related Antibodies NF-kB pathway Inhibitors TLR pathway Inhibitors RNAi Kits ELISA Assays Apoptosis related Antibodies Apoptosis Detection Kits Related Products Bcl-10 IKKg CARMA1 MALT1 IkBa TAB IKKa TRAF6/Tak1 IKKb Ubiquitin   TCR Pathway FIGURE 1. IKK activation in T cells is controlled by an oligomerization-ubiquitination (Ub)-phosphorylation pathway.   MALT1/Paracaspase (IMG-5745) IHC analysis of MALT1/Paracaspase expression in formalin-fixed human reactive lymph node using IMG-5745 at 1:2000.      Key Publications 1. Bell, E. et al. 2004 Nature Reviews 4: 399-405.  View Abstract 2. Lynch, O. et al. 2004. Molecular Interventions 3: 144-146.  View Abstract 3. Dong, Wei et al. 2006. J. of Biological Chemistry 10: 1-31. View Abstract